A2C (Advantage Actor-Critic) is a synchronous policy gradient algorithm where an actor (policy) and critic (value function) are trained simultaneously — the actor decides which actions to take, and the critic evaluates how good those actions are relative to expectation.

A2C Architecture

• Actor: Policy network $pi_ heta(a|s)$ — outputs action probabilities or continuous parameters.
• Critic: Value network $V_phi(s)$ — estimates expected return from state $s$.
• Advantage: $A_t = R_t - V_phi(s_t)$ — how much better the actual return was than expected.
• Loss: Actor loss = $-log pi_ heta(a_t|s_t) A_t$; Critic loss = $(R_t - V_phi(s_t))^2$.

Why It Matters

• Variance Reduction: Using the baseline $V(s)$ reduces variance compared to REINFORCE — faster learning.
• Synchronous: Unlike A3C, A2C is synchronous — deterministic, reproducible, and GPU-friendly.
• Foundation: A2C is the building block for PPO, SAC, and most modern policy gradient methods.

A2C is the actor-critic baseline — combining policy and value learning for stable, low-variance policy gradient training.