pseudo-count methods

**Pseudo-Count Methods** are **exploration techniques that extend count-based exploration to high-dimensional state spaces** — using density models to estimate pseudo-counts $hat{N}(s)$ that approximate traditional visit counts, enabling count-based exploration bonuses for complex observations like images. **Pseudo-Count from Density** - **Density Model**: Train a density model $ ho(s)$ on visited states. - **Pseudo-Count**: $hat{N}(s) = frac{ ho(s)(1 - ho'(s))}{ ho'(s) - ho(s)}$ where $ ho'$ is the density after one additional visit. - **Bonus**: $r_{bonus} = eta / sqrt{hat{N}(s)}$ — same form as tabular count bonus. - **Models**: PixelCNN, context tree switching, or other generative models for density estimation. **Why It Matters** - **High-Dimensional**: Extends count-based exploration to pixel observations — where tabular counts are infeasible. - **Theory Meets Practice**: Bridges the theoretical elegance of count-based exploration with practical deep RL. - **Montezuma**: Pseudo-counts enabled early progress on hard-exploration Atari games. **Pseudo-Count** is **counting in pixel space** — using density models to approximate visit counts for scalable count-based exploration.

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